Botany is the branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their structure, physiology, reproduction, and biochemical processes.
Botany is a very vast and comprehensive science and is divided into various major branches such as morphology, histology, physiology, plant anatomy, genetics, cytology, taxonomy, ecology, paleobotany, plant geography, etc.
The scope of botany and its consequent importance is vast and immense. For the very existence of not only human beings but also all animals, plants are necessary.
The study of botany forms a necessary informational background for students preparing for careers in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, bacteriology, pharmacology, soil conservation, and other related fields.
The photosynthetic tissues are the chloroplast-bearing cells. These cells are present only in the gametophytic plant body or in the thallus in Riccia and Marchantia. While in other Bryophytes, photosynthetic tissues are present in both gametophytes and sporophytes. Photosynthetic tissues:…
The evolution of sporophyte in Bryophytes have been explained with the help of two theories – one is the Antithetic Theory or Theory of Sterilization and the other one is the Homologous Theory or Reduction Theory. The antithetic theory states…
Jungermanniales is the largest order of class Hepaticopsida in the division Bryophyta. This order contains 244 genera and more than 9000 species. Members of Jungermanniales are known as leafy liverworts. Because the gametophytes of this order are mostly foliose type…
Marchantiales is an order of Division Bryophyta (Class Hepaticopsida). This order consists of thalloid species and plants are not divisible into leaf, stem, and rhizoids. The gametophytes (plant bodies) of Marchantiales are prostrate, ribbon-shaped, dichotomously branched, and dorsiventrally differentiated. Structure…
Sterilization is the complete eradication of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, and viruses) present on the surface of any material. The microorganisms can be removed or destroyed from the definite materials (seeds, leaves, root pieces, stem pieces) by using sterilization techniques. Objective…
Gnetales is an order of the gymnospermic seed plants. This order is composed of three genera- Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia. Chamberlain (1935) has placed all three genera in a single-family Gnetaceae. But Markgraf (1951) has been split up the order…
Coniferales is a gymnospermic order like Ginkgoales. The members of this order form the common conifers. The order Coniferales includes both fossil and present-day living genera. The Coniferales reached their maximum development probably during the late Jurassic period or the…
Ginkgoales is a special gymnospermic order having one living genus (Ginkgo biloba). The members of this order once had an almost worldwide distribution in the Jurassic period. The fossil members of this order probably appeared in the Devonian period of…
Cycadales is a gymnospermic order. Members of this order are mostly inhabitants of tropical and subtropical regions. Cycadales include both living and fossil genera. They originated in the Mesozoic era and continued up to the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Only…
The Eukaryotic cell is the most advanced type of cell which is present in both animals and plants. Dougherty (1957) has divided cells into two types (based on the organization in the nucleus of the cell) – The Prokaryotic cell…