Cephalochordata (Gr., kephale, head; chorde, cord) is a sub-phylum within the phylum Chordata. The animals in this group are small, marine invertebrates. They are commonly called lancelets or amphioxi. Cephalochordates…
The sub-phylum Urochordata (Gr., uro, tail; chorde, cord) is a part of the phylum Chordata. The animals in this group are called sea squirts,or tunicates. These animals are very unique…
Phylum Hemichordata is generally considered the sister group of the phylum Echinodermata. The animals are marine deuterostomes. They are more or less worm-like, having the ancestral tripartite body of proboscis,…
Chloroplasts are double membraned rod-like oval or spherical cell organelles in the cytoplasm of most plant cells that help in photosynthesis. It is a green plastid containing chlorophylls. Animal cells…
Mitochondria are the rod-shaped, ovoid, or thread-like, scattered minute particles in all aerobic cells of higher animals and plants. These are also present in algae, protozoa, and fungi. Bacterial cells,…
Ribosomes are membraneless, small, sub-spherical ribonucleoprotein particles. Definition of Ribosomes Ribosomes are small, dense, membraneless, rounded, and granular ribonucleoprotein organelles which occur either freely in the matrix of mitochondria, chloroplast,…
Lysosomes are tiny vascular membrane-bound vesicles involved in intracellular digestion. They contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that remain active under acidic conditions. Greek words “Lysis = digestive or break…
The Golgi apparatus or the Golgi body or Golgi complex or simply the Golgi is a complex cytoplasmic structure having relation to cellular secretion. Which consists of vesicles and vacuoles,…
Sterilization is the complete eradication of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, and viruses) present on the surface of any material. The microorganisms can be removed or destroyed from the definite materials (seeds,…
The Eukaryotic cell is the most advanced type of cell which is present in both animals and plants. Dougherty (1957) has divided cells into two types (based on the organization…