Cycadales: An Overview
Cycadales is a gymnospermic order. Members of this order are mostly inhabitants of tropical and subtropical regions. It includes both living and fossil genera. They originated in the Mesozoic era…
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Sclerenchyma Cells: Structure, Types, Functions
Sclerenchyma is a type of simple permanent tissue that provides structural support to the plant. It consists of thick-walled, lignified sclerenchyma cells. The cells mostly lack protoplasm at maturity and…
Collenchyma Cells: Structure, Types, Functions
Collenchyma is a simple permanent tissue composed of living cells with thickened walls. It is a part of the ground tissue and provides support and mechanical strength to the newly…
Parenchyma Cells: Structure, Types, Functions
Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue that makes up large portions of various plant organs. It consists of thin-walled living parenchymatous cells. The word parenchyma comes from the Greek words…
Meristematic Tissue: Characteristics, Types, Functions
Meristematic tissue is a type of plant tissue in which the cells divide continuously and help in plant growth. The meristematic tissue is also known as a meristem. It is…
Economic Importance of Fungi
Fungi lack the chlorophyll pigment essential for independent existence. Hence, they must get their food from other living organisms or from dead or decaying organic matter. Economical fungi have great…
Economic Importance of Bacteria
Bacteria exert both deleterious and benefical effects on human life. Beneficial species liberate fertilizer elements for growing crops, destroy sewage and other wastes, and produce valuable chemicals. Some species are…
Pteridospermales (Cycadofilicales): An Overview
The Pteridospermales or Cycadofilicales are characteristic gymnospermous plants that bore fern-like foliage, which in turn bore seeds that were unprotected. Hence, they are known as seed ferns. Pteridospermales is a…
Bennettitales (Cycadeoidales): An Overview
The Bennettitales (Cycadeoidales) are a fossil group found from the Triassic to the lower Cretaceous, but were predominant in the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era in South America, North…
Degeneration of Sexuality in Fungi
Sexuality in fungi is diverse and fascinating. In fungi, gradual degeneration of sexuality can be observed. Degeneration of sexuality means functional and structural degeneration of sex organs, leading to the…