Parenchyma Cells: Structure, Types, Functions
Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue that makes up large portions of various plant organs. It consists of thin-walled living parenchymatous cells. The word parenchyma comes from the Greek words…
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Meristematic Tissue: Characteristics, Types, Functions
Meristematic tissue is a type of plant tissue in which the cells divide continuously and help in plant growth. The meristematic tissue is also known as a meristem. It is…
Economic Importance of Fungi
Fungi lack the chlorophyll pigment essential for independent existence. Hence, they must get their food from other living organisms or from dead or decaying organic matter. Economical fungi have great…
Economic Importance of Bacteria
Bacteria exert both deleterious and benefical effects on human life. Beneficial species liberate fertilizer elements for growing crops, destroy sewage and other wastes, and produce valuable chemicals. Some species are…
Pteridospermales (Cycadofilicales): An Overview
The Pteridospermales or Cycadofilicales are characteristic gymnospermous plants that bore fern-like foliage, which in turn bore seeds that were unprotected. Hence, they are known as seed ferns. Pteridospermales is a…
Bennettitales (Cycadeoidales): An Overview
The Bennettitales (Cycadeoidales) are a fossil group found from the Triassic to the lower Cretaceous, but were predominant in the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era in South America, North…
Degeneration of Sexuality in Fungi
Sexuality in fungi is diverse and fascinating. In fungi, gradual degeneration of sexuality can be observed. Degeneration of sexuality means functional and structural degeneration of sex organs, leading to the…
Structure of Fungal Cell with Diagram
Fungi are eukaryotic, spore-bearing microorganisms. They are heterotrophic (i.e., can’t produce their own food through photosynthesis) and digest food externally by releasing hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings. Fungi have unicellular…
Classification of Fungi
The classification of the fungi is a very challenging task since it presents various problems that originate from the differences of opinion of different workers. The situation becomes even more…
Heart Sound: Types, Causes, and Significance
In humans, each heartbeat produces two distinct sounds known as the first and second heart sounds. These two, the loudest sounds of the heart, are easily detected clinically by a…