Apomixis in Plants
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in plants, where seeds are produced without fertilization or meiosis. Types of Apomixis Apomixis is generally classified based on of embryo development, frequency,…
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Classification of Bryophytes with Examples
Bryophytes are a group of small, non-vascular land plants. The term Bryophyta was first introduced by Braun in 1864. He included algae, fungi, lichens, and mosses in this group. Later,…
Cell Structure of Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are the most primitive types of organisms (plants) with simple prokaryotic cellular structures. With the help of an electron microscope, Pankratz and Bowen (1963) studied the structure of cyanobacterial cells.…
Xylem vs. Phloem: 15 Major Key Differences, Examples
Xylem and phloem are the complex tissues. They constitute the component parts of the vascular bundles. Xylem and phloem both have distinct functions and characteristics. Xylem Xylem is a vascular…
Antibody: Structure, Types, Functions
Antibodies are the proteins produced by the B-lymphocytes in response to the antigen or foreign bodies. Structure of Antibody IgG is the most studied immunoglobulin and serves as a model…
Antigen: Properties, Structure, Types, Examples
Acquired immunity does not occur unless foreign microbes or toxins enter the body. Each microbe or toxin contains one or more specific chemical substances that play an important role in…
Gnetales: An Overview
Gnetales is an order of the gymnospermic seed plants. This order is composed of three genera- Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia. Chamberlain (1935) has placed all three genera in a single-family…
Coniferales: An Overview
Coniferales is a group of gymnospermic plants. The members of this group form the common conifers. It includes both fossil and present-day living genera. Coniferales reached their maximum development probably…
Ginkgoales: An Overview
Ginkgoales is a gymnospermic order having one living genus (Ginkgo biloba). The members of this order once had an almost worldwide distribution in the Jurassic period. The fossil members of…
Cycadales: An Overview
Cycadales is a gymnospermic order. Members of this order are mostly inhabitants of tropical and subtropical regions. It includes both living and fossil genera. They originated in the Mesozoic era…