Protoplast is a plant cell (organized mass) devoid of the cell wall. Protoplasts are useful for the study of physiological problems of the cells and isolation of organelles and the…
Restriction enzymes are the endonuclease enzymes that cut the double-stranded DNA at specific sites, resulting in fragments of DNA. So these enzymes are called molecular scissors. Restriction enzymes are present…
Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules, most commonly found in bacterial cells (also found in Cyanobacteria and Fungi). They replicate in the cells independently of the chromosomes. The plasmids normally…
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) isolation is the process by which DNA is extracted from proteins, membranes, and other cellular materials contained in the cell. In Eukaryotic cells (Human, plant, and animal…
Sterilization is the complete eradication of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, and viruses) present on the surface of any material. The microorganisms can be removed or destroyed from the definite materials (seeds,…