Lysosomes are tiny vascular membrane-bound vesicles involved in intracellular digestion. They contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that remain active under acidic conditions. Greek words “Lysis = digestive or break down, and soma = body“. During electron microscopic studies in…
Protoplast is a plant cell (organized mass) devoid of the cell wall. Protoplasts are useful for the study of physiological problems of the cells and isolation of organelles and the study of the exogenously applied material on cell activity. These…
The Golgi apparatus or the Golgi body or Golgi complex or simply the Golgi is a complex cytoplasmic structure having relation to cellular secretion. Which consists of vesicles and vacuoles, with smooth cisternae and a network of tubules. In 1898,…
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a tubular branched cell organelle in the cytoplasm of the Eukaryotic cell that divides the cytoplasm into several compartments. They are extended from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane. Porter (1945) has observed the…
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular land plants, which have multicellular jacketed sex organs. The defining features of bryophytes are that their life cycle features alternating haploid and diploid generations with a dominant, branched gametophyte stage. Introduction: Bryophytes are quite soft, and…
Restriction enzymes are the endonuclease enzymes that cut the double-stranded DNA at specific sites, resulting in fragments of DNA. So these enzymes are called molecular scissors. Restriction enzymes are present in bacteria and provide a type of defense mechanism (the…
Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules, most commonly found in bacterial cells (also found in Cyanobacteria and Fungi). They replicate in the cells independently of the chromosomes. The plasmids normally contain about 2% of total genetic information and multiply independently…
A nucleus is the largest cell organelle in a typical cell. Which is a highly organized globular, ellipsoidal, spherical, or disc-shaped protoplasmic body enclosed within the cytoplasm. Robert Brown first discovered and coined the nucleus in 1831. The Latin word,…
Dehiscence of the capsule and spore dispersal mechanism is the characteristic features of bryophytes. When the capsule is mature, it degenerates and liberated the spores. Some of the Bryophytes (Riccia, Corsinia) have a simple mechanism for the dehiscence of the…
The photosynthetic tissues are the chloroplast-bearing cells. These cells are present only in the gametophytic plant body or in the thallus in Riccia and Marchantia. While in other Bryophytes, photosynthetic tissues are present in both gametophytes and sporophytes. Photosynthetic tissues:…