Reproduction in algae is the production of young ones (offspring) of the same kind as themselves. Generally, all three types of reproduction are observed in algae, such as: Vegetative Reproduction in Algae The method by which new individuals are formed…
Algae are chlorophyll-bearing autotrophic members of thallophytes comprising a large heterogeneous assemblage of relatively simple plants. Algae may be aquatic, semi-aquatic, or terrestrial in their habitat. In the sea, they make up the major part of the vegetation. On pools…
Algae are plants of simple structures. There exist a wide variety of thalli in algae, particularly in the vegetative plant body. The different forms show a definite range. The range of thallus is from the simplest, which consists of non-motile…
Chloroplasts are double membraned rod-like oval or spherical cell organelles in the cytoplasm of most plant cells that help in photosynthesis. It is a green plastid containing chlorophylls. Animal cells normally lack plastids(all forms of plastids including chloroplasts). Several unicellular…
Mitochondria are the rod-shaped, ovoid, or thread-like, scattered minute particles in all aerobic cells of higher animals and plants. These are also present in algae, protozoa, and fungi. Bacterial cells, however, do not have mitochondria. They are associated with cellular…
Growth can be defined as the orderly increase in cellular constituents and results from the biosynthetic and energy processes. Growth also refers to the increase in mass of a single cell or to the increase in the size of a…
Ribosomes are membraneless, small, sub-spherical ribonucleoprotein particles. They are often found connected to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. Ribosomes also occur freely in the cytoplasm (cytoplasmic matrix), chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In 1943, A. Claude has first isolated…
Lysosomes are tiny vascular membrane-bound vesicles involved in intracellular digestion. They contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes that remain active under acidic conditions. Greek words “Lysis = digestive or break down, and soma = body“. During electron microscopic studies in…
Protoplast is a plant cell (organized mass) devoid of the cell wall. Protoplasts are useful for the study of physiological problems of the cells and isolation of organelles and the study of the exogenously applied material on cell activity. These…
The Golgi apparatus or the Golgi body or Golgi complex or simply the Golgi is a complex cytoplasmic structure having relation to cellular secretion. Which consists of vesicles and vacuoles, with smooth cisternae and a network of tubules. In 1898,…