DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) isolation is the process by which DNA is extracted from proteins, membranes, and other cellular materials contained in the cell. In Eukaryotic cells (Human, plant, and animal…
Sterilization is the complete eradication of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, and viruses) present on the surface of any material. The microorganisms can be removed or destroyed from the definite materials (seeds,…
The Eukaryotic cell is the most advanced type of cell which is present in both animals and plants. Dougherty (1957) has divided cells into two types (based on the organization…
The mesokaryotic cell is the intermediate cell of the Prokaryotic cell and the Eukaryotic cell. Dodge has first used the term mesokaryotic in 1966 for the cell that contains an…
Viroids are the group of pathogens of some higher plants. Theodor Otto Diener introduced the viroid in 1971 for a new group of sub-viral plant pathogens. He was the first…
In 1957 Dougherty has divided cells into two types based on the organization in the nucleus of the cell. One is a prokaryotic cell (primitive cell) and the other is…
Phylum Echinodermata represents the most advanced invertebrate phylum closer to the chordates. They vary substantially in size which may range from 1 cm to about 2 m in length. In…
Phylum Mollusca is the second largest invertebrate phylum containing more than 90000 described living species after phylum Arthropoda. Johnston has first coined the name Mollusca in 1650. Although Aristotle was…
Bacteria are unicellular. Their structure is a very simple type. Bacteria are prokaryotes because they do not have a well-formed nucleus. A typical bacterial cell is structurally very similar to…
Bacteria are a type of simple, microscopic, unicellular organism. In 1675, Dutch scientist A. van Leeuwenhoek was first discovered bacteria. He proved the existence of bacteria in his own made…