Fungi are eukaryotic, spore-bearing microorganisms. They are heterotrophic (i.e., can’t produce their own food through photosynthesis) and digest food externally by releasing hydrolytic enzymes into their surroundings. Fungi have unicellular…
The classification of the fungi is a very challenging task since it presents various problems that originate from the differences of opinion of different workers. The situation becomes even more…
In humans, each heartbeat produces two distinct sounds known as the first and second heart sounds. These two, the loudest sounds of the heart, are easily detected clinically by a…
The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that results in the continuous and rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers. All the events in a cardiac cycle…
Cephalochordata (Gr., kephale, head; chorde, cord) is a sub-phylum within the phylum Chordata. The animals in this group are small, marine invertebrates. They are commonly called lancelets or amphioxi. Cephalochordates…
The sub-phylum Urochordata (Gr., uro, tail; chorde, cord) is a part of the phylum Chordata. The animals in this group are called sea squirts,or tunicates. These animals are very unique…
Phylum Hemichordata is generally considered the sister group of the phylum Echinodermata. The animals are marine deuterostomes. They are more or less worm-like, having the ancestral tripartite body of proboscis,…
The members of the Xanthophyta or Heterokontae (class Xanthophyceae) are characterized by their yellow-green pigments, including xanthophylls, which distinguish them from other algae. They are commonly known as yellow-green algae.…
Algae present in the group Bacillariophyta (class Bacillariophyceae) are known as diatoms. They constitute a very large assemblage of unicellular algae. Diatoms differ from other algae due to their symmetrical…
The members of the Phaeophyta (class Phaeophyceae) are known as brown algae due to their characteristic brown colour. They exhibit a brown colour because of the presence of the golden…