Classification of Bryophytes
Bryophytes are a group of small, non-vascular land plants. The term Bryophyta was first introduced by Braun in 1864. He included algae, fungi, lichens, and mosses in this group. Later,…
Animesh Sahoo
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Cell Structure of Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are the most primitive types of organisms (plants) with simple prokaryotic cellular structures. With the help of an electron microscope, Pankratz and Bowen (1963) studied the structure of cyanobacterial cells.…
Xylem vs. Phloem: 15 Major Key Differences, Examples
Xylem and phloem are the complex tissues. They constitute the component parts of the vascular bundles. Xylem and phloem both have distinct functions and characteristics. Xylem Xylem is a vascular…
Gnetales: An Overview
Gnetales is an order of the gymnospermic seed plants. This order is composed of three genera- Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia. Chamberlain (1935) has placed all three genera in a single-family…
Coniferales: An Overview
Coniferales is a group of gymnospermic plants. The members of this group form the common conifers. It includes both fossil and present-day living genera. Coniferales reached their maximum development probably…
Ginkgoales: An Overview
Ginkgoales is a gymnospermic order having one living genus (Ginkgo biloba). The members of this order once had an almost worldwide distribution in the Jurassic period. The fossil members of…
Cycadales: An Overview
Cycadales is a gymnospermic order. Members of this order are mostly inhabitants of tropical and subtropical regions. It includes both living and fossil genera. They originated in the Mesozoic era…
Sclerenchyma Cells: Structure, Types, Functions
Sclerenchyma is a type of simple permanent tissue that provides structural support to the plant. It consists of thick-walled, lignified sclerenchyma cells. The cells mostly lack protoplasm at maturity and…
Collenchyma Cells: Structure, Types, Functions
Collenchyma is a simple permanent tissue composed of living cells with thickened walls. It is a part of the ground tissue and provides support and mechanical strength to the newly…
Parenchyma Cells: Structure, Types, Functions
Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue that makes up large portions of various plant organs. It consists of thin-walled living parenchymatous cells. The word parenchyma comes from the Greek words…