Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules, most commonly found in bacterial cells (also found in Cyanobacteria and Fungi). They replicate in the cells independently of the chromosomes. The plasmids normally contain about 2% of total genetic information and multiply independently…
A nucleus is the largest cell organelle in a typical cell. Which is a highly organized globular, ellipsoidal, spherical, or disc-shaped protoplasmic body enclosed within the cytoplasm. Robert Brown first discovered and coined the nucleus in 1831. The Latin word,…
Dehiscence of the capsule and spore dispersal mechanism is the characteristic features of bryophytes. When the capsule is mature, it degenerates and liberated the spores. Some of the Bryophytes (Riccia, Corsinia) have a simple mechanism for the dehiscence of the…
The photosynthetic tissues are the chloroplast-bearing cells. These cells are present only in the gametophytic plant body or in the thallus in Riccia and Marchantia. While in other Bryophytes, photosynthetic tissues are present in both gametophytes and sporophytes. Photosynthetic tissues:…
The evolution of sporophyte in Bryophytes have been explained with the help of two theories – one is the Antithetic Theory or Theory of Sterilization and the other one is the Homologous Theory or Reduction Theory. The antithetic theory states…
Jungermanniales is the largest order of class Hepaticopsida in the division Bryophyta. This order contains 244 genera and more than 9000 species. Members of Jungermanniales are known as leafy liverworts. Because the gametophytes of this order are mostly foliose type…
Marchantiales is an order of Division Bryophyta (Class Hepaticopsida). This order consists of thalloid species and plants are not divisible into leaf, stem, and rhizoids. The gametophytes (plant bodies) of Marchantiales are prostrate, ribbon-shaped, dichotomously branched, and dorsiventrally differentiated. Structure…
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) isolation is the process by which DNA is extracted from proteins, membranes, and other cellular materials contained in the cell. In Eukaryotic cells (Human, plant, and animal cells), DNA is organized as chromosomes in the nucleus. Objective…
Sterilization is the complete eradication of microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, and viruses) present on the surface of any material. The microorganisms can be removed or destroyed from the definite materials (seeds, leaves, root pieces, stem pieces) by using sterilization techniques. Objective…
Gnetales is an order of the gymnospermic seed plants. This order is composed of three genera- Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia. Chamberlain (1935) has placed all three genera in a single-family Gnetaceae. But Markgraf (1951) has been split up the order…